Maud Slye

Maud Slye (1879-1954), a pathologist, researched the inheritability of cancer in mice.

Maud Slye devoted her life to cancer research by investigating the inheritability of the disease in mice. Performing extensive breeding studies on the hereditary transmission of cancer, she kept meticulous pedigree records and autopsied thousands of mice during her lifetime. Her work was controversial, however; advocating the archiving of complete medical records for individuals, she believed that human beings could eradicate cancer by choosing mates with the appropriate genotype. Sometimes referred to as "America's Curie," Slye received wide publicity for her work and was honored by many organizations.

Slye was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on February 8, 1879, the daughter of James Alvin and Florence Alden Wheeler Slye. Her family, though poor, traced their ancestry back to John Alden of the Plymouth colony. At age seventeen, Slye entered the University of Chicago with savings of forty dollars and the desire to become a scientist. Attending the university for three years, she supported herself by working as a secretary for university president William Harper. After a nervous breakdown, Slye convalesced in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, then completed her B.A. degree at Brown University in 1899. Hired as a teacher at the Rhode Island State Normal School, she stayed at the institution until 1905.

In 1908 Slye received a grant to do postgraduate work at the University of Chicago. Interested in the hereditary basis of disease, she began her work with six Japanese "waltzing" mice which were afflicted with a hereditary neurological disorder. Slye became intrigued by the inheritability of cancer when she heard of several heads of cattle at the Chicago stock yards--all with cancer of the eye--that had come from the same ranch. Inspired by this and other data, Slye went forward with her studies, breeding cancerous mice with one another as well as healthy mice with other healthy mice.

In 1911, Slye became a member of the university's newly created Sprague Memorial Institute, and in 1913 she presented her first paper on cancer before the American Society for Cancer Research. Becoming director of the Cancer Laboratory at the University of Chicago in 1919, she was promoted to assistant professor in 1922, then to associate professor in 1926. In 1936, Slye left her mice in the care of an assistant and took her first vacation in twenty-six years (earlier, when she had visited her ailing mother in California, she rented a boxcar and took her mice with her).

Although Slye discredited a prevailing theory that stated cancer was contagious, it became clear as her work proceeded that the appearance of cancer in an individual was not as simple as the presence of one gene. In later years, Slye posited that two conditions were necessary to produce cancer: inherited susceptibility, and prolonged irritation of the cancer-susceptible tissues. Nonetheless, further studies by other scientists have confirmed that while heredity can be a factor in certain types of cancer, it is much more complex than Slye had perceived.

Slye's work was recognized with several awards and honors, including the gold medal of the American Medical Association in 1914, and the Ricketts Prize in 1915. She also received the gold medal of the American Radiological Society in 1922. A member of the Association for Cancer Research, the American Medical Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Scence, Slye was the author of forty-two brochures on cancer and two volumes of poetry, Songs and Solaces and I in the Wind. At the time of her retirement in 1945 Slye was made professor emeritus of pathology, and she spent her retirement years analyzing data accumulated during her years of research. Slye never married. She died September 17, 1954, and was buried in Chicago's Oak Woods Cemetery.

Historical Context

• The Life and Times of Maud Slye (1879-1954)
• At the time of Slye's birth:
• Grover Cleveland was president of the United States
• Great Britain signed peace with African Zulu chiefs
• Henrik Ibsen published A Doll's House
• Mary Baker Eddy became a pastor of the Church of Christ, Scientist
• At the time of Slye's death:
• Dwight D. Eisenhower was president of the United States
• William Golding published Lord of the Flies
• Jonas Salk began inoculating children with his polio vaccine
• U.S. Supreme Court ruled school segregation a violation of the 14th amendment
• The times:
• 1830-1914: Industrial Revolution
• 1898: Spanish-American War
• 1899-1902: Boer War
• 1914-1918: World War I
• 1936-1939: Spanish Civil War
• 1939-1945: World War II
• 1950-1953: Korean War
• Slye's contemporaries:
• John B. Watson (1878-1958) U.S. psychologist
• Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Soviet dictator
• Leon Trotsky (1879-1940) Communist leader
• Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) U.S. birth control pioneer
• Albert Einstein (1879-1960) German-born U.S. physicist
• Otto Hahn (1880-1968) German nuclear chemist
• Frances Perkins (1880-1965) U.S. social reformer and politician
• Selected world events:
• 1881: U.S. president James Garfield was shot and mortally wounded
• 1881: Clara Barton established American Red Cross
• 1893: Daniel Hale Williams performed first open-heart surgery
• 1900: Sigmund Freud pioneered psychoanalysis
• 1912: Girl Scouts of America established
• 1921: Insulin was developed by Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best
• 1933: Congress passed Franklin Delano Roosevelt's (FDR's) New Deal
• 1945: Enola Gay dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima

Further Reading

• Kass-Simon, G., and Patricia Farnes, editors, Women of Science: Righting the Record, Indiana University Press, 1990, pp. 278-279.
• O'Neill, Lois Decker, editor, The Women's Book of World Records and Achievements, Doubleday, 1979, p. 217.

• Reader's Digest, March 1936, pp. 77-80.
• Newsweek, April 10, 1937, pp. 26-28.
• New York Times, September 18, 1954, p. 15.