Boniface, St.

The English monk St. Boniface (ca. 672-754) is known as the Apostle of Germany because he organized the Church there in the 8th century.

Named Winfrith by his well-to-do English parents, Boniface was born probably near Exeter, Devon. As a boy, he studied in Benedictine monastery schools and became a monk himself in the process. For 30 years he lived in relative peace, studying, teaching, and praying. In his early 40s he left the seclusion of the monastery to do missionary work on the Continent. Because his first efforts in Frisia (now the Netherlands) were unsuccessful, Winfrith went to Rome in search of direction. Pope Gregory II renamed him Boniface, "doer of good," and delegated him to spread the gospel message in Germany.

In 719 the missionary monk set out on what was to be a very fruitful venture. He made converts by the thousands. Once, the story goes, he hewed down the giant sacred oak at Geismar to convince the people of Hesse that there was no spiritual power in nature. In 722 the Pope consecrated him bishop for all of Germany. For 30 years Boniface worked to reform and organize the Church, linking the various local communities firmly with Rome. He enlisted the help of English monks and nuns to preach to the people, strengthen their Christian spirit, and assure their allegiance to the pope. He founded the monastery of Fulda, now the yearly meeting place of Germany's Roman Catholic bishops. About 746 Boniface was appointed archbishop of Mainz, where he settled for several years as head of all the German churches.

Over the years he kept up an extensive correspondence, asking directives of the popes, giving information about the many Christian communities, and relaying to the people the popes' wishes. In 752, as the pope's emissary, he crowned Pepin king of the Franks. In his 80s and still filled with his characteristic zeal, Boniface went back to preach the gospel in Frisia. There, in 754 near the town of Dokkum, Boniface and several dozen companions were waylaid by a group of savage locals and put to death. His remains were later taken to Fulda, where he was revered as a martyr to the Christian faith.

Boniface was a man of action, but he was also sensitive to the feelings of those with whom he came in contact. His organizing genius and loyalty to Rome influenced Germany's Christianity for centuries.

Further Reading

• The Life of Saint Boniface was written by a German priest, Willibald, shortly after Boniface's death. A translation of this work and some excerpts from Boniface's correspondence are contained in C.H. Talbot, ed., The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany (1954). A more modern interpretation of his life is given by Eleanor Shipley Duckett in Anglo-Saxon Saints and Scholars (1947). Godfrey Kurth's biographical study Saint Boniface (trans. 1935) contains a helpful bibliography.
• Boniface, Saint, Archbishop of Mainz, ca. 675-754., The letters of Saint Boniface, New York: Norton, 1976, 1940.
• The Greatest Englishman: essays on St. Boniface and the Church at Crediton, Exeter: Paternoster Press, 1980.
• Sladden, John Cyril., Boniface of Devon: apostle of Germany, Exeter, Paternoster Press, 1980.